Method of coating a field joint

ABSTRACT

A method of coating a field joint, pipe sections for forming a coated field joint, and a coated field joint formed thereby. First and second angular cut backs are provided in the parent coating of each pipe section. The first angular cut back is at an angle of about 30°+−0.5° relative to the longitudinal axis of the field joint, and the second angular cut back is positioned further from the field joint than the first angular cut back. The first and second angular cut backs result in the parent coating having a stepped profile, a step in the stepped profile between the first and second angular cut backs, the step is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the field joint and is often substantially free of indentations. The field joint coating may be injection moulded to have an upstand that is less than or equal to about 5 mm.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No.15/518,544 filed Apr. 12, 2017 which is a U.S. national stageapplication of PCT/CA2015/051031 filed Oct. 14, 2015. The applicationalso claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/065,151 filed on Oct. 17, 2014, under the Title FLUSHFIELD JOINT. The content of the above patent applications are herebyexpressly incorporated herein by reference into the detailed descriptionhereof.

FIELD

The present disclosure is related to a method of coating a field jointfor insulated pipelines, pipe sections for forming such coated fieldjoints, and pipelines having such coated field joints. The presentdisclosure may be relevant to onshore and/or offshore, oil and gaspipelines.

BACKGROUND

Typically, pipe sections which are factory-coated with an elastomerand/or insulation coating are not fully coated along their entirelengths, but rather are left with uncoated ends to facilitate joining ofthe pipe section ends (e.g., using a welding process) in the field. Eachuncoated end on a pipe section may be about 200 mm in length. The pipesections are typically welded together as part of the pipe layingprocess. This welding may take place at the location where the pipesections are to be reeled, or, such as in the case of sub-sea oroffshore pipes, on a lay barge or a reel ship.

After welding, the field joint should be coated. The field joint coatingis typically an insulation material that is typically different than,but having similar properties as, the parent coating provided on thepipe section at the factory. For the purpose of speed and ease, thefield joint coating is typically applied using an injection mouldingprocess in which the field joint coating is injected into a mould placedabout the field joint and overlapping with the parent coating.

The result is typically a coated field joint as shown in thelongitudinal cross-sectional view of FIG. 1. For simplicity, only theupper half of the cross-sectional view is shown, however it should beunderstood that the bottom half of the cross-sectional view is a mirrorof the shown half. This example illustrates a field joint between twopipe sections A and B, each having factory-applied parent coatings CAand CB, respectively. The field joint coating D typically fills in thegap between the parent coatings CA and CB, and also overlaps the parentcoatings CA and CB. This overlap means that the field joint coating Dhas a greater radius than the parent coatings CA and CB, and thisdifference is referred to as the upstand E. In a typical coated fieldjoint, the upstand may be 8 mm or greater. The presence of a largeupstand (e.g., an upstand that is 8 mm or greater) may cause damage topipe handling equipment and/or the field joint, such as when the fieldjoint is reeled out over rollers during laying of the pipeline.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanyingdrawings which show example embodiments of the present application, andin which:

FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a typicalconventional coated field joint;

FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an example coatedfield joint in accordance with an example of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of an end of a pipe section after cutbacks are provided to the parent coating, in accordance with an exampleof the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 shows a side view of the pipe section end of FIG. 3; and

FIG. 5 shows an end-on view of the pipe section end of FIG. 3.

Similar reference numerals may have been used in different figures todenote similar components.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

In some examples, the present disclosure provides a method of coating afield joint joining uncoated ends of two pipe sections, each pipesection being coated with a parent coating and having at least oneuncoated end, the method including: providing a first angular cut backin the parent coating of each pipe section, the first angular cut backbeing at an angle of about 30°±5° relative to a longitudinal axis of thefield joint; providing a second angular cut back in the parent coatingof each pipe section, the second angular cut back being positionedfurther from the field joint than the first angular cut back; the firstand second angular cut backs resulting in the parent coating having astepped profile, a step in the stepped profile being defined between thefirst and second angular cut backs, the step being substantiallyparallel to the longitudinal axis of the field joint and being free ofindentations; and injection moulding a field joint coating over theuncoated ends and the first and second angular cut backs, the fieldjoint coating being moulded to have an upstand that is less than orequal to about 5 mm.

In some examples, the present disclosure provides a pipe section forforming a field joint, the pipe section including: a pipe section end tobe joined with another pipe section end for forming the field joint; anda parent coating over an outer surface of the pipe section, the outersurface in the vicinity of the pipe section end being free of the parentcoating; the parent coating in the vicinity of the pipe section endhaving provided therein first and second angular cut backs, the firstangular cut back being at an angle of between 20° and 45° with amanufacturing tolerance of +/−5°, for example, about 30°±5°, relative toa longitudinal axis of the pipe section and the second angular cut backbeing positioned further from the pipe section end than the firstangular cut back; the first and second angular cut backs resulting inthe parent coating having a stepped profile, a step in the steppedprofile being defined between the first and second angular cut backs,the step being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of thepipe section and being free of indentations.

In some examples, the present disclosure provides a coated field jointjoining ends of two pipe sections, the coated field joint including: afield joint joining the ends of the two pipe sections, each of the twopipe sections being as described above; and a field joint coating overthe field joint and the first and second angular cut backs, the fieldjoint coating forming an upstand that is less than or equal to about 5mm.

The present disclosure provides methods for coating a field joint,coated field joints formed thereby and pipe sections for forming suchcoated field joints. The coated field joint in accordance with thepresent disclosure may achieve an upstand that is substantially flushwith the parent coating on the pipe section, or that is minimal (e.g., 5mm or less). The present disclosure may enable a coated field joint thatuses a smaller volume of field joint coating material. A field jointthat is flush with the parent coating or that has a reduced upstand mayenable easier handling in the yard and/or on the vessel prior to layingof the pipe, may help to reduce the risk of damage to laying equipment(e.g., tensioners on reel-lay vessels), and/or may enable more pipe tobe reeled (due to the smaller diameter of the disclosure coated fieldjoint, compared to conventional coated field joint).

FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a coated field joint inaccordance with an example of the present disclosure. In this example,two pipe sections 2, 4 are joined together at their respective ends 6,8. For simplicity, details will be described only for one side of thefield joint corresponding to pipe section 2, however it should beunderstood that the configuration is the same for the other side of thefield joint corresponding to pipe section 4.

The pipe section 2 is provided with a parent coating 10, which may havebeen applied at a manufacturing site, such as a factory. The parentcoating 10 may be any thermoplastic or thermosetting material. Theparent coating 10 may be a multi-layered coating. For example, theparent coating 10 may include an inner anti-corrosion layer (e.g., apolyurethane or epoxy layer), a middle insulation layer (e.g., a foamedor unfoamed polypropylene layer) and an outer protective layer (e.g., anunfoamed polypropylene, polyurethane, epoxy resin or rubber layer).Different single-layered or multi-layered coatings may be used for theparent coating 10. For simplicity, the parent coating 10 is illustratedwithout showing different layers. The parent coating 10, as initiallyapplied at the factory, may leave the end 6 of the pipe section 2uncoated, for example about 200 mm from each end of the pipe section 2may be free of the parent coating 10. The parent coating 10 may endabruptly or gradually (e.g., taper off) near the ends of the pipesection 2.

Initially, the field joint is formed by joining (e.g., by welding) theuncoated ends 6, 8 of the pipe sections 2, 4. Initially, the pipesections 2, 4 in the vicinity of the joint are uncoated. The joint maybe coated by a field joint coating, as described below. Prior toapplication of the field joint coating, cut backs may be made in theparent coating 10, as described below.

As shown in FIG. 2, a first angular cut back 102 is provided in theparent coating 10. The first cut back 102 may be made using any suitabletechnique, such as by a grinding process or a lathing method. The firstcut back 102 is provided at an angle x relative to the longitudinal axisL of the field joint (which may also be the longitudinal axis of thepipe sections 2, 4). The first cut back 102 is provided about the entirecircumference of the pipe section 2, resulting in a frustoconical shape(see FIG. 3).

A second angular cut back 104 is provided in the parent coating 10. Thesecond cut back may be made using any suitable technique (which may bethe same or different from that used for the first cut back 102), suchas by a grinding process or a bevelling method. The second cut back 104is provided further away from the end 6 than the first cut back 102,resulting in a stepped profile, as shown in the cross-sectional view ofFIG. 2.

The thickness or height of the step relative to the parent coating mayvary depending upon the materials, pipe size and the like. In someembodiments the step may be at a thickness of less than about one thirdof the thickness of the parent coating. In some embodiments the step maybe at a height which is from about 8, or from about 10, or from about 12up to about 20, or up to about 18, or up to about 16 mm less than theheight of the parent coating.

The second cut back 104 is provided at an angle y relative to thelongitudinal axis L of the field joint. The angle y may be the same asor different from the angle x of the first cut back 102. The second cutback 104 is provided about the entire circumference of the pipe section2 (see FIG. 3).

While the first cut back 102 is made through the entire thickness of theparent coating 10, the second cut back 104 is made to a depth h₂ that isless than the entire thickness of the parent coating 10. In alongitudinal cross-section, as shown in FIG. 2, the first and second cutbacks 102, 104 form a stepped profile, with the first cut back 102forming an incline at an angle x to a height of h₁, the second cut back104 forming an incline at an angle y to a height of h₂, and a step 106of length l₁, substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis L, beingdefined between the first and second cut backs 102, 104. The surface ofthe step 106 is substantially free of indentations or grooves. Furtherdetails about the dimensions of the cut backs 102, 104 are describedbelow.

After the first and second cut backs 102, 104 are provided in the parentcoating 10, a field joint coating 108 may be injection moulded over theuncoated ends 6, 8 and the first and second cut backs 102, 104. Thefield joint coating 108 may be any suitable material, including anythermoplastic or thermosetting material typically known and used forsuch applications, for example including an insulation material similarto or same as the insulation layer of the parent coating 10 (e.g., afoamed or unfoamed polypropylene material). Other materials may besuitable for the field joint coating 108, including materials suitablefor high temperature applications. The field joint coating 108 mayextend past the second cut back 104 and cover the parent coating 10 to adistance l₂, and may have an upstand 110 of less than or equal to about5 mm. In some examples, the upstand 110 may be substantially 0 mm (inwhich case the distance l₂ may be substantially 0 mm).

In order to injection mould the field joint coating 108, a mould (notshown) may be positioned about the first and second cut backs 102, 104on both pipe sections 2, 4 and including the welded field joint. Thefield joint coating 108 may be injected into the mould. The injectionmoulding process may be carried out at a sufficient temperature and/orpressure to ensure that the field joint coating 108 fully fills in themould and fully covers the exposed surfaces of the pipe sections 2, 4,the cut backs 102, 104, and the step 106 (and optionally a portion ofthe parent coating 10 to a distance l₂). The mould may be preheated, forexample to about 70° C., which may help with setting and/or curing ofthe field joint coating 108. The mould may be removed after the fieldjoint coating 108 has set and/or cured. In some examples, the mould maybe removed when the field joint coating 108 is partly or mostly setand/or cured, and full setting and/or curing of the field joint coating108 may occur without the mould.

In some examples, the exposed surfaces of the first and second cut backs102, 104 and the step 106 (and optionally uncut portions of the parentcoating 10 near the second cut back 104 that may be coated by the fieldjoint coating 108) may be pre-treated prior to injection moulding thefield joint coating 108. For example, one or more such surfaces may becleaned (e.g., using a solvent, such as xylene). In some examples,exposed metal surfaces of the pipe sections 2, 4 in the vicinity of thewelded field joint may be heated (e.g., using an induction heatingcoil), such as to a temperature in the range of about 70° C. to about90° C. A primer, which may improve binding of the field joint coating108, may be applied to the heated or unheated metal surfaces. In someexamples, exposed surfaces of the first and second cut backs 102, 104and the step 106 (and optionally uncut portions of the parent coating 10near the second cut back 104 that may be coated by the field jointcoating 108) may be abraded (e.g., using a grinder). The surfaces of thefirst and second cut backs 102, 104 and the step 106 (and optionallyuncut portions of the parent coating 10 near the second cut back 104that may be coated by the field joint coating 108) may be flame treatedand may be coated with a primer. The entire area to be coated by thefield joint coating 108 may be flame treated and/or primed with aprimer. One or more of these pre-treatments may be used in combination.The pre-treatments may help the field joint coating 108 to better bondto the exposed surfaces of the pipe sections 2, 4, the cut backs 102,104, and the step 106.

In some examples, after the field joint coating 108 has been applied, aquality check may be performed to ensure that the upstand 110 is withinacceptable values (e.g., less than or equal to 5 mm).

Further details of the cut backs 102, 104 are now described withreference to FIGS. 3-5. For simplicity, these figures illustrate the cutbacks 102, 104 for one pipe section 2, prior to injection of the fieldjoint coating 108. For simplicity, the parent coating 10 is shown as auniform single layer, however it should be understood that the parentcoating 10 may be multi-layered.

The first cut back 102 may be provided at an angle x, which is between20° and 45° with a manufacturing tolerance of +5°/−5° and in certainembodiments may be about 30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis L. Thesecond cut back 104 may be provided at an angle y, which may, in certainembodiments, also be between 20° and 45° with a manufacturing toleranceof +5°/−5° and in certain embodiments about 30°±5° relative to thelongitudinal axis L, or may be different.

The second cut back 104 may be set back from the first cut back 102,such that the step 106, in profile, has a length l₁ of up to 50 mm.

In profile, the second cut back 104 can have any height h₂ that isgreater than or equal to 8 mm. Of course, one can appreciate that theheight h₁ of the first cut back is equal to the thickness of the parentcoating 10, minus h₂.

The outer diameter of the pipe is typically between 150 mm and 500 mm.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the field joint coating 108 may extend overthe uncut parent coating for a length l₂, typically less than 60 mm butdesirably about 50 mm or less. As explained above, where the upstand is0 mm, by definition, l₂ would be 0.

In some cases, although reducing the upstand 110 may help to reduce riskof damage to the coated field joint and/or pipe-laying equipment, it maybe necessary to have a small amount of upstand 110 (i.e., less than orequal to 5 mm). The presence of a small upstand 110 may be requireddepending on mould tolerances, application conditions, etc. This smallamount of upstand 110 may still be sufficient to avoid or reduce thedisadvantages of a large upstand E, as discussed with respect to FIG. 1above.

Although the cut backs have been described as being provided in theparent coating after the field joint is welded, in some examples the cutbacks may be provided in the parent coating before welding the fieldjoint. For example, the cut backs may be provided at a manufacturingsite, rather than on site or on the reel-lay vessel. This may be usefulto help reduce the time needed for handling and laying the pipeline atthe site. Where the cut backs are provided offsite, one or morepre-treating steps, such as those described above, may also be performedoffsite (e.g., at the same or a different manufacturing site). Inexamples where the ends of the pipe sections have been pre-treatedoffsite, the pre-treated ends may be protected (e.g., wrapped with sheetplastic) to help retain the integrity of the treated field joint area.The protective sheet plastic may expose the pipe section ends, to allowthe field joint to be welded, while protecting the pre-treated cut backsurfaces. When the welding is complete and the field joint coating is tobe moulded, the protective sheet plastic may then be removed, anyadditional pre-treatment steps may be carried out, and the field jointcoating may be injection moulded over the field joint. By providing thecut backs offsite (and optionally one or more pre-treatment stepsoffsite), the time for processing and laying of the pipeline onsite maybe reduced. Further, the amount of equipment needed onsite may bereduced. Performing these steps offsite may also enable more rigorousquality checking and testing.

The present disclosure includes methods for forming the coated fieldjoint, as well as the coated field joint formed thereby. The presentdisclosure may also include pipe sections in which the first and secondcut backs have been made in the parent coating, prior to or afterwelding of the field joint.

The angles of the cut backs and the length of the step between the firstand second cut backs may be designed for better adhesion between thefield joint coating and the parent coating, and to help reduce unwanteddetachment of the field joint coating from the parent coating, such aswhen the coated field joint is bent or otherwise handled.

Embodiments

1. A method of coating a field joint joining uncoated ends of two pipesections, each pipe section being coated with a parent coating andhaving at least one uncoated end, the method comprising:

providing a first angular cut back in the parent coating of each pipesection, the first angular cut back being at an angle of between 20° and45° with a manufacturing tolerance of +5°/−5°, relative to alongitudinal axis of the field joint;

providing a second angular cut back in the parent coating of each pipesection, the second angular cut back being positioned further from thefield joint than the first angular cut back;

the first and second angular cut backs resulting in the parent coatinghaving a stepped profile, a step in the stepped profile being definedbetween the first and second angular cut backs, the step beingsubstantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the field joint andbeing free of indentations; and

injection moulding a field joint coating over the uncoated ends and thefirst and second angular cut backs, the field joint coating beingmoulded to have an upstand that is less than or equal to about 5 mm.

2. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the first angular cut back is atan angle of about 30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis of the fieldjoint.3. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the second angular cut back is atan angle of between 20° and 45° with a manufacturing tolerance of+5°/−5°, relative to the longitudinal axis of the field joint.4. The method of embodiment 3 wherein the second angular cut back is atan angle of about 30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis of the fieldjoint.5. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the field joint coating isinjection moulded polypropylene.6. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the upstand is less than or equalto about 2 mm.7. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the upstand is about 0 mm.8. The method of embodiment 1 wherein, in the stepped profile, the stepbetween the first and second cut backs has a length of about 50 mm.9. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the second cut back is at a depthin the range of about 10 mm to about 15 mm.10. The method of embodiment 1 wherein the first and second cut backsare provided in the parent coating by a grinding process or a lathingmethod.11. The method of embodiment 1 further comprising positioning a mouldabout the first and second cut backs, and injecting moulding the fieldjoint coating into the mould.12. The method of embodiment 1 further comprising pre-treating exposedsurfaces of the field joint prior to injection moulding the field jointcoating.13. The method of embodiment 12 wherein the pre-treating comprises atleast one of cleaning the surfaces, heating the surfaces, abrading thesurfaces, and applying a primer to the surfaces.14. A pipe section for forming a field joint, the pipe sectioncomprising:

a pipe section end to be joined with another pipe section end forforming the field joint; and

a parent coating over an outer surface of the pipe section, the outersurface in the vicinity of the pipe section end being free of the parentcoating;

the parent coating in the vicinity of the pipe section end havingprovided therein first and second angular cut backs, the first angularcut back being at an angle of between 20° and 45° with a manufacturingtolerance of +5°/−5° relative to a longitudinal axis of the pipe sectionand the second angular cut back being positioned further from the pipesection end than the first angular cut back;

the first and second angular cut backs resulting in the parent coatinghaving a stepped profile, a step in the stepped profile being definedbetween the first and second angular cut backs, the step beingsubstantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pipe section andbeing free of indentations.

15. The pipe section of embodiment 14 wherein the second angular cutback is at an angle of between 20° and 45° with a manufacturingtolerance of +5°/−5° relative to the longitudinal axis of the pipesection.16. The pipe section of embodiment 15 wherein the second angular cutback is at an angle of about 30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis ofthe pipe section.17. The pipe section of embodiment 14 wherein the first angular cut backis at an angle of about 30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis of thepipe section.18. The pipe section of embodiment 14 wherein the second cut back is ata depth in the range of about 10 mm to about 15 mm.19. The pipe section of embodiment 14 wherein, in the stepped profile,the step between the first and second cut backs has a length of about 50mm.20. A coated field joint joining ends of two pipe sections, the coatedfield joint comprising:

a field joint joining the ends of the two pipe sections, each of the twopipe sections being in accordance with the pipe section of embodiment14; and

a field joint coating over the field joint and the first and secondangular cut backs, the field joint coating forming an upstand that isless than or equal to about 5 mm.

21. The coated field joint of embodiment 20 wherein the field jointcoating is injection moulded polypropylene.22. The coated field joint of embodiment 20 wherein the upstand is lessthan or equal to 2 mm.23. The coated field joint of embodiment 20 wherein the upstand is about0 mm.

The embodiments of the present disclosure described above are intendedto be examples only. The present disclosure may be embodied in otherspecific forms. Alterations, modifications and variations to thedisclosure may be made without departing from the intended scope of thepresent disclosure. While the systems, devices and processes disclosedand shown herein may comprise a specific number of elements/components,the systems, devices and assemblies could be modified to includeadditional or fewer of such elements/components. For example, while anyof the elements/components disclosed may be referenced as beingsingular, the embodiments disclosed herein could be modified to includea plurality of such elements/components. Selected features from one ormore of the above-described embodiments may be combined to createalternative embodiments not explicitly described. All values andsub-ranges within disclosed ranges are also disclosed. The subjectmatter described herein intends to cover and embrace all suitablechanges in technology. All references mentioned are hereby incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

1. A method of coating a field joint joining uncoated ends of two pipesections, each pipe section being coated with a parent coating havingouter surface and having at least one uncoated end, the methodcomprising: providing a first angular cut back in the parent coating ofeach pipe section, the first angular cut back being at an angle ofbetween 20° and 45° with a manufacturing tolerance of +5°/−5°, relativeto a longitudinal axis of the field joint; providing a second angularcut back in the parent coating of each pipe section, the second angularcut back being positioned further from the field joint than the firstangular cut back; the first and second angular cut backs resulting inthe parent coating having a stepped profile, a step in the steppedprofile being defined between the first and second angular cut backs,the step being substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of thefield joint, the step being at a thickness of less than about one thirdof the thickness of the parent coating; and injection moulding a fieldjoint coating over the uncoated ends and the first and second angularcut backs, the field joint coating being moulded to have an upstand thatis less than or equal to about 5 mm.
 2. The method of claim 1 whereinthe first angular cut back is at an angle of about 30°±5° relative tothe longitudinal axis of the field joint and wherein the step issubstantially free of indentations.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein thesecond angular cut back is at an angle of between 20° and 45° with amanufacturing tolerance of +5°/−5°, relative to the longitudinal axis ofthe field joint.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the second angular cutback is at an angle of about 30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis ofthe field joint.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the field jointcoating is injection moulded polypropylene.
 6. The method of claim 1wherein the upstand is about 0 mm.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein, inthe stepped profile, the step between the first and second cut backs hasa length of about 50 mm.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the second cutback is at a depth in the range of about 10 mm to about 15 mm.
 9. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the first and second cut backs are provided inthe parent coating by a grinding process or a lathing method.
 10. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising positioning a mould about the firstand second cut backs, and injecting moulding the field joint coatinginto the mould.
 11. The method of claim 1 further comprisingpre-treating exposed surfaces of the field joint prior to injectionmoulding the field joint coating.
 12. A method of coating a field jointjoining uncoated ends of two pipe sections, each pipe section beingcoated with a parent coating having outer surface and having at leastone uncoated end, the method comprising: providing a first angular cutback in the parent coating of each pipe section, the first angular cutback being at an angle of between 20° and 45° with a manufacturingtolerance of +5°/−5°, relative to a longitudinal axis of the fieldjoint; providing a second angular cut back in the parent coating of eachpipe section, the second angular cut back being positioned further fromthe field joint than the first angular cut back; the first and secondangular cut backs resulting in the parent coating having a steppedprofile, a step in the stepped profile being defined between the firstand second angular cut backs, the step being substantially parallel tothe longitudinal axis of the field joint, the step being at a heightwhich is from about 8 to about 20 mm less than the height of the parentcoating; and injection moulding a field joint coating over the uncoatedends and the first and second angular cut backs, the field joint coatingbeing moulded to have an upstand that is less than or equal to about 5mm.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the first angular cut back is atan angle of about 30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis of the fieldjoint and wherein the step is substantially free of indentations. 14.The method of claim 12 wherein the second angular cut back is at anangle of between 20° and 45° with a manufacturing tolerance of +5°/−5°,relative to the longitudinal axis of the field joint.
 15. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the second angular cut back is at an angle of about30°±5° relative to the longitudinal axis of the field joint.
 16. Themethod of claim 12 wherein the field joint coating is injection mouldedpolypropylene.
 17. The method of claim 12 wherein the upstand is about 0mm.
 18. The method of claim 12 wherein, in the stepped profile, the stepbetween the first and second cut backs has a length of about 50 mm. 19.The method of claim 12 wherein the second cut back is at a depth in therange of about 10 mm to about 15 mm.
 20. The method of claim 12 whereinthe first and second cut backs are provided in the parent coating by agrinding process or a lathing method.
 21. The method of claim 12 furthercomprising positioning a mould about the first and second cut backs, andinjecting moulding the field joint coating into the mould.
 22. Themethod of claim 12 further comprising pre-treating exposed surfaces ofthe field joint prior to injection moulding the field joint coating.